Defeated Muslim Ummah - 876 Words

ASSIGNMENT NO 1 SUBJECT: ISLAMIC STUDIES SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: MUHMMAD AZHAR HAMEED (130150) WHY ARE WE DEFEATED UMMAH TODAY Hazrat Adam (A.S) was first man who came to earth. Later On generation continued, some people worshiped ALLAH so called Muslim while other called non-muslim. Non Muslim started to worship clouds, rocks, mountains, elephant, in short those things were worshiped which used to b strange. God has sent about 1 lac 24 thousand Prophets to take the people on a right way (Siraat e Mustaqeem). But still we cant say that all have obeyed them. Now a days we muslim people are passing through a difficult life, so that we have forgotten our religion. We are doing all those things from which ALLAH and His prophet†¦show more content†¦Anti-Educational: There is a strong and pervasive attitude in many Muslim-majority countries that a Western-style education, seeking a high degree of literacy and scientific knowledge is undesirable. Instead, there is a strong pull towards a religious education. This leads to minimal technological innovation in Muslim-majority countries today. While Muslims ma ke up over 23% of the world population, they have less than 10 Noble Prizes in the Sciences and Maths. Lack of Human Rights: Most Muslim-majority countries deny their citizens fundamental human rights such as equality before the law, freedom to express their opinions (even if they are unpopular), freedom of assembly, equality for women in education and marriage rights, freedom of movement, an end to the slave trade (in a minority of Muslim countries), and other infringements. Statistics have shown a high-level of correlation between the presence of human rights and economic and political affluence. Foreign Policy Over Domestic Concerns: Many Muslims are concerned about irrelevant foreign policy issues among Muslims and Non-Muslims in other countries. The Cypriot situation and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict are wholly irrelevant to Pakistan and Morocco, but people in those countries spend an inordinate amount of time discussing those issues. That time comes out of discussions about what to do about serious problems in those countries such as women s education or the lack ofShow MoreRelatedThe Spread Of Christianity And Christianity873 Words   |  4 Pagesthe believer’s lifetime. In Muslim tradition, the sociopolitical community that was created in Medina provides the model for what an Islamic state and society should be. The ummah, or new community, was open to anyone who made the basic affirmation of faith, and loyalty to the ummah was to supersede any other loyalty. By the time Muhammad died, the central institution identification for Muslims was firmly established. Mecca was defeated and incorporated into the ummah in important ways. The Ka’baRead MoreThesis: In His Book, No God But God, Reza Aslan Recounts1663 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"It is in Medina that the Muslim community was born, and where Muhammad’s Arab social reform movement transformed into a universal religious ideology† (52). After arriving into Yathrib in 622 AD or 1 AH (after Hijra), later called Medina, â€Å"The City of the Prophet†, Muhammad established the first mosque and dubbed his followers, the Ummah. Within this community, Muhammad enacted a variety of social reforms, including the bay‘ah (oath of allegiance to join into the Muslim faith), equality of sexesRead MoreUnity of Muslim2416 Words   |  10 PagesSpecial Top position of the Islamic World Muslim world, with almost a billon and a half population, and so many features of climate and geography, and natural and human resources, can establish a great and united society. 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This brings me to the point that Muhammad was chosen specifically by God himself to bring the Qu’ran to his people for generations to come so that they could worship the faith as a community (Ummah) with understanding. Surely this is of much more importance as a whole as it has born a worldwide religion, and this would not have come about without Muhammad and his Prophethood. Muhammad brought great things as a prophet â€Å"He practiced meticulously

Abraham Lincoln Through Many Lenses Essays - 1740 Words

http://www.kkk.bz/kidspart5.htm 4)Who said, quot;I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.quot; Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States or Jefferson Davis, President , President of the Confederate States of America? Answer: Abraham Lincoln - First Inaugural Address - March 4, 1861. 6) What was the major emphasis of the Emancipation Proclamation? Answer: The Emancipation Proclamation is 540 words long. of those, 400 words limit the proclamation to the states in rebellion - it defines the states in rebellion and states that it is directed ONLY to the states in rebellion. It†¦show more content†¦From Lincoln-Douglas Debate, published by Haldeman-Julius Company, Girard, Kansas 1923 Page 44 quot;I have no purpose to produce political and social equality. I am not in favor of making voters or jurors of Negroes or of qualifying them to hold office or allowing them to intermarry with white people...I have never had the least apprehension that I or my friends would marry Negroes, even if there was no law to keep them from it...I will, to the very last, stand by the law of this state which forbids the marrying of white people with Negroes.quot; Page 80 quot;I have no purpose to introduce political and social equality between the white and black races. There is a physical difference between the two, which, in my judgment, will forever forbid their living together in perfect equality: and inasmuch as it becomes a necessity that there should be a difference, I, as well as Judge Douglas, am in favor of the race to which I belong having the supremacy. Page 81 quot;I agree with Judge Douglas that he (Negroes) is not my equal in many respects, certainly not in color, and perhaps not in moral and intellectual endowment.quot; From The Collected works of Abraham Lincoln, published 1953, Rutgers University Press in eight volumes. Vol. II Pages 405-409 (Speech at Springfield, Illinois - June 26, 1857. quot;Judge Douglas has said to you that he has not been able to get me to answer the question whether I am in favorShow MoreRelatedMarfan Syndrome Research Paper2511 Words   |  11 PagesInternally There was a high debate and many aweing theories arguing if Abraham Lincoln had a disorder called Marfan syndrome or not, which was eventually resolved when Lincoln actually inherited a disease called Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B. Contributing to the dispute of Marfan syndrome in Abraham Lincoln, in 1964 a physician published his findings and observations in the Journal of the American Medical Association which diagnosed Abraham Lincoln that he had Marfan syndrome (Kugler). HoweverRead MoreShermans march to the Sea1391 Words   |  6 Pagesand struck many blows to the South’s forces and its people’s morale, that Sherman’s army could march unopposed through the South. Title: Sherman’s March to the Sea The American Civil War started in 1861 after the Southern States in America started to secede from the Union. The states that seceded later formed the Confederate States of America. The war had been brought on by many hostilities and differing views on opinions of slavery and the election of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln in 1860. 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The Pentium Flaw Free Essays

Back in June, 1994 the Pentium Flaw was noticed by Intel testers, who had discovered a division error on the Pentium chip. Intel managers didn’t see this as a major problem so they kept this from anyone outside their corporation. The nature of this issue was a mathematical problem in their Floating Point Unit (FPU), or the math coprocessor. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pentium Flaw or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Pentium chip was having glitches in calculating large divisions. It wasn’t until October 19th, when Dr. Thomas R.  Nicely had revealed the malfunction of the (FPU) trying to do certain calculations. Dr. Nicely was a mathematics teacher at Lynchburg College in Virginia. After running several test on the 486 and Pentium he had pin pointed the error to the Pentium chip. Dr. Nicely contacted Intel and they had confirmed the error, but said they had no reports till then. Intel handled the situation very poorly; they would not return contact to Dr. Nicely, forcing him to write a letter on the internet about the flaw. Even then Intel continued to consider the problem as minor. The internet was getting loads of articles on the flaw and people were making a joke out of Intel. By not letting the industry know about the Pentium glitch, Intel showed their selves to be untrustworthy to the costumer. There are so many different ways Intel could have handled their mistake. They chose to rather send a measly email of apology from the President of Intel with the wrong address. This infuriated costumers saying it was a fake. In the Pentium problem (Janeba, 1995) wrote: Intel’s policy, when it first publicly admitted the problem around November 28 of 1994, was to replace Pentium chips only for those who could explain their need of high accuracy in complex calculations. Intel tried to fix the problem still as a minor error and kept delaying the proper fix. By Intel postponing the fix on the (FPU) cost them even more money than what it would have, if they’d answer back right away with an honorable fix. This goes to show you learn from your mistakes. Eventually in late December Intel declared they would replace all flawed chips upon request. Now Intel has employees who keep up on newsgroups on the internet to see what people are saying about Intel; and they now conduct a better follow up with unsatisfied costumers. I believe Intel did handle this publicity very incorrectly. For being a well-known corporation they didn’t act like it. When they first got word of Dr. Nicely and his discovery on the flaw, Intel should’ve immediately contacted the professor with any apology and offered to replace the bad one. If this procedure would have been done the professor would have been happy, and never have written what he did. Then customers possibly wouldn’t have known of the flaw. In my opinion of the question, what would happen today if this same problem occurred? I don’t think Intel would take the same route they did back then. Intel is a well-established corporation and I believe they would act faithfully with great hast, to solve the problem. I think they have a greater appreciation of their customers now, since this whole Pentium Flaw hit the fan. How to cite The Pentium Flaw, Papers

Case Study Business Strategy Management

Question: Case study on Business Strategy Management. Answer: Introduction Several strategic models can help an organization establish a competitive advantage over its business rivals in the market (Magretta 2012). Business organizations might choose to operate or compete across a focused or broad market. Companies might apply cost leadership, focus, and differentiation. The strategies are applicable at the unit level of the business. For the case of Virgin Australia, the differentiation strategy fits it well for the purposes of gaining competitive advantages over its rivals in the market. By tailoring the entire marketing program through finding different ways of being unique in the market place companies are able to gain competitive advantage over its competitors. The company can establish a unique position in the market by differentiating the services, products, brand, and employees. In the competitive airline market, Virgin Australia can be able to gain advantage over it rivals by using the product positioning strategy. Some aspects that can help distinguish Virgin Australia from its competitors are discussed. Some of the methods and strategies that are used in ensuring the company maintains its competitiveness include international joint ventures, the differentiation strategy, branding and culture, product and service positioning, and market segmentation. The differentiation strategy The differentiation strategy is involved in product or service development that offers unique features that the customers value and take as different or better in quality than the services from the competition. Therefore for Virgin Australia, differentiation is the strategy to go as the products, services offered involves transport of goods, and people do desired destinations. It provides comfortable transport of both goods and passengers. The value the unique product adds allows Virgin Australia to charge premium prices. The process of charging premium prices will enable the company to cover the extra cost that comes in by offering the unique transportation. Because of the unique services Virgin Australia offers, if the suppliers of the product in any case increase the prices the company can pass the costs to the customers. The differentiation strategy will enable Virgin Australia to have; a reputation in the cooperative world for innovation and quality, a strong sales team, innovat ive and skilled team, and access to high scientific research. However, Virgin Australia has to ensure it is flexible and agile in the process of developing new products used in the cleaning process. Some of the risks Virgin Australia might encounter in the market by using the differentiation strategy include; changes in customer taste, imitation by their competitors, and loss in value of the services they offer. The ability of VirginAustralia to be agile and flexible will enable it compete fairly with their competitors that will use the focus strategy in the same market environment. Using individual customer needs basing on experience is one of the ways of increasing customer base using the differentiation strategy. Start by knowing what the customer needs and what he or she wants and thus equating to expectations. After analysis of the customers who are mainly over 30 years, the company will be able to work backwards to formulate new experiences that will be higher than what the customer expects. In order to achieve this, the company will speak to their customers and after listening delivery of superior experience is necessary. Another way of increasing the customer base is through the creation of experience between the customers and the real employees thus its uniqueness. Many customers prefer meeting with real people as opposed to getting emails and messages from the company. Ensuring that the engagement with customers is a personal experience helps in building a strong relationship between the company and the customers. The process of ensuring personal meeti ngs with the customers enables the company to increase its customer base, as the loyal customers will communicate with other customers. Innovations in airline market especially to go with the needs of the customers is important for Virgin Australia to increase customer base. Differentiating allows the company to give the customers a good reason to buy your products and use your services as opposed to other competitors products. It should answer the question what makes you different. Customization of flights according to age groups will be a clear strategy of increasing customer base. Sustainability through branding and culture In entering new markets, competition from other companies often leads to the profits going down. However, the sustainability of the business company can enable it survive any competition from other firms. The business strategy used can ensure competitive advantages in securing of customers and defending against competitive forces. Virgin Australia clearly has a sustainable competitive advantage over its competitors because of several reasons. Established culture and brand ensures Virgin Australias sustainability in the competitive front. External branding which is critical in ensuring customer loyalty and awareness will enable Virgin Australia survive the competitive airline business. Virgin Australia continuously participates in promotion activities and charity events as a method of promoting its brand both internally and externally. Often, customers remain with brands they are loyal with without considering the price of the products and services being offered. Through focusing on building strong relationships with its customers, Virgin Australia continues to deliver high quality services and great customer experience. In addition, Virgin Australia also provide unique services, which involves provision of music systems, monitors and massage parlors in the planes. The uniqueness of Virgin Australia will allow it to be sustainable and compete in the market that has increased competition over the years. The other aspect tha t will ensure Virgin Australia remains sustainable is the customer services it provides. It took time for the company to establish its customer services but after being established it has been hard for competitors to develop a reputation that can be compared to it. In summary, the ability of Virgin Australia to focus on the environment, the business and the people enables it to have sustainable economic advantages needed to survive the competitive business market. International joint ventures Entering into an international joint venture with other international airline companies will enable Virgin Australiato expand its business. Virgin Australia will be able to gain some advantages in the joint venture. However, there are some risks involved in this kind of international joint venture. Some advantages of international joint ventures include; it allows for faster and cheaper access to foreign markets. It provides a faster access to the distribution channels and knowledge on the local markets and this enhances sustainability and success of the joint venture (Campbell Netzer 2011). In addition, the resident partner, which in this case is any other airline, willalready be having existing relationships with key customers and suppliers and the proficiency in the local values and language. Another advantage of this joint venture is that it allows for sharing of risks and costs between the two partners (Campbell 2013). In case of any losses in the business or tragic accidents, the two partners will share the costs of damages thus reducing the quantity of financial assets that will be lost. Finally, the business venture will move quickly in addition to being credible and effective. However, this depends on the reputation of the resident partner in the local market. Internat ional joint ventures can also enable the two partners to take advantage of synergies and complementary business lines that are in existence between the two companies (Chatterjee Gray 2014). International joint ventures also pause risks including; inadequate planning and strategies may result to failure and a frustrating experiences for the partners. Some aspects can be difficult to anticipate especially due to poor and inadequate planning. Issues with technology, marketplace developments, economic downtowns, and uncertainties with regulation can have drastic impacts on international joint ventures. Another risk is the possibility of creating a competitor in your own partner in the joint venture. However, this can be solved through non-competition and non-solicitation from the joint venture agreements (Wolf 2012). Finally, joint ventures can result in management issues because of the diluted profits due to sharing. Partners may discover their inflexible nature and inability to share expectations with their partner because of different management philosophies. The inflexibility of the partners to change and evolving needs of the joint venture can lead to failure of the bu siness. All these risks have to be taken into consideration in the formation of the international joint venture. Market segmentation Market segmentation is created based on several strategies and some consumer characteristics for example behavior and demographics. Market segmentation involves the identification of the bases for segmentation and determination of the important characteristics of each segment in the market. The market segmentation of airline transport is based on the customers age, status, and needs. The market segmentation of airlines enables the company to know the psychographic needs of the customer and provides the company with the opportunity of formulating a good plan for the future for satisfaction of customer needs, taste, and preferences. The market segmentation of airlines include; business class and normal transport .Mens watches are manufactured differently as they are much bigger compared to the others and they have big wrist straps. Womens watches on the other hand have thinner wrist straps and are much smaller with several decorations. Kids watches are mainly made of plastic and are small. Watches according to ceremonies are often customized according to the customers needs or the ceremonies theme. All these customers have to be catered for to enable growth of the airline Company. Targeting of the different customers needs proper evaluation of the commercial and potential attractiveness for each of the market segment. Accessibility of the market segment is an important aspect in targeting the segments. Each segment has to be accessible to enable them to receive marketing advertisements and feedback from them is also important for the company. Focusing on different benefits the segments provide is another way I would use to target the different market segments. Different market segments need different benefits and therefore focusing on these benefits will enable the company to target different customers. The profits that the company anticipate should be able to exceed the additional marketing costs due to planning. The needs for each market segment do not differ by much. Therefore, marketing messages should be emphasized for all the relevant features and benefits that are needed as opposed to one size of the watches that fit for all customer segments. This meth odology is efficient for the delivery of different products for different market segments. Product and service positioning By tailoring the entire marketing program through finding different ways of being unique in the market place companies are able to gain competitive advantage over its competitors. The company can establish a unique position in the market by differentiating the services, products, brand, and employees. In the competitive wristwatch market, Virgin Australia can be able to gain advantage over it rivals by using the product positioning strategy. Some aspects that can help distinguish Virgin Australia from its competitors are discussed. Focusing on companys market expertise for the purposes of developing market specialization is one of the important ways of gaining competitive advantage over other companies in the same business. Instead of concentrating on a wide market that encompasses transport of all types of cargo, the company can zero in on only transport of vehicles and vehicle spare parts. This would enable the company to specialize in vehicle and vehicle spare part transport and appeal to the motor vehicle industry needs and wants thus giving the company an advantage over the other companies that focus on all the market segments. Secondly, the company can make its airline services stand out as improved and new. This can be achieved by closely studying the competitors and identify how the target and solve the market problem. After careful evaluation of the competitors, the company should then ensure that they provide a unique solution to the market problem. Finally, the company should be able to leverage its expertise through establishing leadership in the market. If customers perceive the company as experts, this will transfer to the products in this case wristwatches. The company can be able to establish leadership in the technological and sales aspect of the market and with this sustain any competition from other companies. Activities such as social media marketing, article and blog writing can be used to gain leadership for the company. Value Chain Analysis Value chain is the functions and activities that the airport or any other firm performs for the purposes of delivering valuable products and services to the market, which in this case are the passengers. It is dependent on the process of manufacturing organization as a system that is based on the inputs to the airport which are the services, the transformation process, which involves the provision of the services to the passengers, and finally the output, which are the profit returns from the services provided to the passangers. Inbound supply chain otherwise known as inbound logistics are the first phase of the value chain because they have the earliest or first opportunity to create value. Aspects of this phase are taken as upstream activities. In this case, that is the airports the inbound logistics include the receiving the customers to the airport and selling them tickets for the purposes of travelling. Secondly, handling of the passengers for example, the airport staff then handles the passengers by offering services in the arrivals and leaving passengers areas. Lastly, the airport then provides any additional services to their customers for example through the provision of food, refreshing drinks, and even music. Addition of value to the services is achieved through maintaining high levels of consumer choice and improving efficiency in the distribution system. There is also a potential to add value by application of quality control to prevent poor services from reaching customers. Quality control also prevents unfair costs from being passed to customers and provides a good opportunity for cost reduction. Operations involves the production elements of the airport, they are service oriented. Therefore, operations provide the second upstream aspects to allow for products and services to be offered. Some aspects of operations include ensuring the airport is operational daily according to the trading hours, maintaining proper service provision at all times, and all these services add value. There is always a potential for the airport to add value to its products and services. Expansion in terms of hours of operation in some of the branches can aid in achieving this. However, there might be some restrictions according to planning and law councils thus leading to loss of value competitively. Outbound supply chain also known as outbound logistics in the value chain has the sole purpose of delivery of goods and services to the consumer. The airport can add value through the online booking services. Improvement of other tangibles such as till staff, luggage collectors and parking facilities help in gaining advantage competitively. When these services are improved and executed well they clearly add value through saving of customer time at the same time turnaround will increase. Addition of value concerning luggage carriers can be achieved through implementing the trolley deposit system, ensuring that they are clean, making them easily available and finally allowing quick access to and from the premises. Marketing and sales are the downstream aspects of value chain. Introduction of club cards in the airport adds value through provision of discounts thus ensuring customer loyalty. Advertisements in the national television stations and radio stations further improves the value of the goods and services. A campaign such as lower prices or even discount offers are some of the ways airport use to obtain more customers therefore increasing profits. Loss of value in the marketing is a disadvantage that can be caused by sophistication of customers and their general awareness to the business practice. Taking this as an advantage the airport can provide customers with many recycling points and provide this information in their advertisements. SWOT analysis strengths weaknesses opportunities Threats In bound supply High levels of consumer choice. Improved efficiency. Productivity Quality control. New services. Price changes. Financial capacity. Process Expansion Loss of value Growing economy Rising costs of employee salary that is, cost of production. Outbound supply Innovation Improved customer service Productivity Future loss of value New products and services. Increase interest rates. Marketing and sales Reduced labor costs. Domestic market High growth rate Future profitability. Loss of value in the services provided. New markets Growing economy and demand. Growing competition. Technological problems. Change in prices. Financial capacity. Table 1: SWOT analysis Recommendations Improvement on the several operations and management aspects of the airline can be done in order to promote several operations and management aspects of the organization. The changes to improve the functionality of the airline can be done on the service offering aspect, quality assurance, environmental practices, human resource practices, airside management, and terminal operations. Improvement on the services being offered by the airport include online check in and buying of tickets where the passenger books his or her flight online from anywhere as long as he can access the internet. Human resource and marketing could be improved through provision of airlines club cards that give discounts to loyal customers. Proper international advertising through the several media channels is another way of creation and improving marketing services of the airline. Quality assurance can be improved through ensuring that proper maintenance to the airplanes, taxiways, runways, and airport fences. The management can improve terminal operations and airside management by converting some of the manual services being offered into electronic services. Responsiveness to accidents can be made fast by installation of CCTV cameras in all areas and ensuring that there is ample space that will enable the emergency response team to reach the place of accident faster. Conclusion In conclusion for the company to maintain its competitive edge several aspects have been put forward in the recommendations but some of them are key. Ensuring that there is improvement in customer service and improvement of human resource and planning are the focus in the sustainability of Virgin Australia. Application of several strategies and methods such as international joint ventures, market segmentation, service and product positioning, and the differentiation strategy will further ensure the companys sustainability in the ever increasing airlines market. References Arndt, J. (2014). Market segmentation: Theoretical and empirical dimensions. Bergen: Universitiesforlaget. Campbell, D., Netzer, A. (2011). International joint ventures. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. Campbell, D. (2013). International joint ventures. New York: Matthew Bender. Cantrell, R. L. (2013). Outpacing the competition: Patent-based business strategy. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Chatterjee, K., Gray, B. (2014). International joint ventures: Economic and organizational perspectives. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher. Frank, R. E., Massy, W. F., Wind, Y. (2012). Market Segmentation. Englewood Cliffs, N.J:Prentice-Hall. Glasmeier, A. K. (2015). Manufacturing time: Global competition in the watch industry, 1795 - 2015. New York: Guilford Press. Glynn, M. S., Woodside, A. G. (2011). Business-to-business brand management: Theory, research and executive case study exercises. Bingley: JAI Press. Hammond, J., Hammond, J. (2011). Branding your business: [promote your business, attract customers, build your brand through the power of emotion]. London: Kogan Page.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Formalization

Free Essays on The Word Of God

of prophets and other writings†¦ These make up the scriptures. Scriptures were dramatically important for the Jewish story of God. God had spoken to Moses and inspired the prophets and other writers long ago. The results from searching for the meaning and application of the origina... Free Essays on The Word Of God Free Essays on The Word Of God The Word of God The Word of God is not something that originated all by itself or from the dictionary. It is not even truly the whole set of words collected in the Bible†¦ Rather, the word of God is the patterns of experience that move us to praise and worship our co-creator. The Bible is here on Earth to teach us and help us to better direct our paths on this journey that we call Life. This path is dead when we do not collaborate with God to re-create and grow. Through our reading of Scripture and our encounters with other human beings, we can acquire all the knowledge that we need of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. The Bible is given its name because the writers of its several books were Gods organs in communicating his will to men, (Hebrew 4:12) it is by his â€Å"word†, because he speaks to us in its sacred pages. Whatever the inspired writers here declared to be true and binding upon us is that God declares his word to be true and binding. This word is infallible, because it is written under the guidance of the Holy Spirit and therefore free from all error of fact or doctrine or precept; All saving knowledge is obtained from the word of God, in the case of adults it is indispensable means of salvation, and is efficacious thereunto by the gracious influence of the Holy Spirit (John 17:17, 2 Timothy 30:15, 16, 1 Peter 1:23). The Torah is a formal commitment marked as a new departure in accepting God as a guide to life. The Torah became the living word of God spoken to the people. It was often regarded as the eternal and unchanging word of God, but many things have been added to it over the course of several centuries such as the words of prophets and other writings†¦ These make up the scriptures. Scriptures were dramatically important for the Jewish story of God. God had spoken to Moses and inspired the prophets and other writers long ago. The results from searching for the meaning and application of the origina...

The true effect of human resource management on an organizational Dissertation

The true effect of human resource management on an organizational performance - Dissertation Example This paper will begin with a brief background study on the topic of human resource management and then a brief overview of McDonald's. This paper will spell out the research problem and thereafter the objectives of the study as well as the research questions. Lastly, this essay will state the significance of the study and the scope that it will cover. The roots of human resource management can be traced back to the industrial revolution whereby companies started engaging in mass production for commercial purposes and therefore, there was an urgent need of hiring more employees to the extent that even children were introduced into the working life at a young age. During this particular time when human resources provided to be a critical part of an organization, there was little known about effective human resource management and this contributed to the widespread violation of employees’ rights since this labor sector had not been fully formalized and regulated. Stewart and Brow n stated that the numerous industrial strikes that characterized this area were necessitated by the widespread violation of employees’ rights that was going on in nearly all of the manufacturing companies. Employees’ plight during this era was denoted by low wages and poor working conditions. The industrial strikes led to the emergence of human resource management whereby the welfare of the employees received more focus from the management of the companies in order to avoid future strikes, which had proved detrimental to the companies that were affected. Factors that marked the emergence of effective human resource management included the abolishment of child labour, development of labor unions, strategic recruitment, and selection of workers. DeGraff (2010) further added that the studies by Fredrick Taylor on lean manufacturing sparked an interest on the actual contribution of the workforce on an organisation’s productivity and this contributed to human resourc es been acknowledge as a significant part in the productivity of an organisation. In the present world, human resource management is a source for organisation’s competitiveness meaning that it directly affects the performance of organisations. 1.3 McDonald’s Corporation According to Warwick (2013), McDonald Corporation is largest public traded hamburger fast food restaurant chain in the world, which serves averagely 60 million customers in over 115 countries across the world on a daily basis. The McDonald brothers originally started the company in 1940 but it was fully acquired by Ray Kroc who joined the company as a franchise agent in 1955. The McDonald’s restaurants offer a wide menu to their customers, which consist of French fries, hamburgers, chicken, cheeseburgers, soft drinks, breakfast items, desserts, milkshakes, fruits, smoothies, wraps, salads, and fish. Presently, the company boosts of total assets worth over $32 billion and total revenue of over $27 billion and a net income of over $ 5 billion in the past financial year. 1.4 Statement of the problem There are numerous studies, which have focused on the impact of human resource management but there is no or very little comprehensive studies that focuses on the relationship between human resource management functions such as selection and training, among others and how

International Marketing Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Marketing Plan - Assignment Example As this continued, it broke down the units that were used for the manufacturing process and allowed new businesses to come in. The result was openness in the economy for multinational businesses and new levels of self – expression that were included in the Chinese culture (Donnithorne, 605, 2002). The trends in Shanghai have continued with this with different approaches to culture through statements related to culture, prestige and social status. Examining the launch of Gini and Jony, Indian kids wear manufacturer, can provide further insight into the trends and market that the manufacturer can expand into with the Chinese market. Gini and Jony is one of the top brands in India for children’s wear and continues to provide new trends in the textile industry. Currently, the textile manufacturer provides several different brands of clothing, all which are designed from trends that are a part of kid’s fashion. Some brands include the Happy Style, Jeans, summer clothing and baby wear. There are also international brands that have affiliate agreements with Gini and Jony and are offered in different store locations, including the United Colors of Benetton, Levis and Puma. The main focus of the store is to offer the top ten brands within one location for children. From the several brands that are offered, is the store names of â€Å"Freedom Fashion,† which is designed to provide new looks and trends that children can enjoy. All of the textiles that are offered through the company are designed with fashion statements first, specifically for children. Coordinated outfits, seasonal trends and looks that are unique to Gini and Jony are at the basis of the store and the manufacturing that is used for children’s wear (Gini and Jony, http://www.giniandjony.com/, 2010). The focus of Gini and Jony has currently led to new alternatives for expansion throughout India as well as in other areas of the globe. The company is currently

International Management Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Management - Scholarship Essay Example As the essay disxcusses advancement and progress of Hungarian subsidiaries has occurred only to a limited extent and mostly in terms of scale, quality and elasticity of operations. The subsidiaries were unable to extend the required capabilities for a functional shift although the outer surroundings were by and large encouraging, and it served as the main reason why it was present in as absenting control center assignments in ethnocentric German activities. Regarding the future research of the subsidiary development, investigations slackness and flabbiness should be taken into account. Most probably the subsidiaries would upgrade when the rate of development of the host country takes a rise due to the spread out effects which are a resultant of government subsidies and better market opportunities. One such prominent example is the progress and development seen in the Canadian subsidiaries. From the report findings subsidiary typology research has been observed to pursue distinct patterns, both theoretically and empirically. Most likely, typologies are frequently generated as second-order impacts from practical or idealized plans and strategies for controlling global operations with subsidiary types pertaining to the parts they play in various types of different international strategies. Subsidiary roles can also be called as a result of a development of the multinational's increasing obligation towards global markets.... the increasing advancement in the multinational's mounting dedication towards international markets has also been of significance to the subsidiary roles. Generally, according to the results a considerable freedom in the act of decision-making regarding the production and operational issues was enjoyed by the subsidiaries; the long-term strategic decisions, for instance tactical planning or restricting performance criteria. (K, 2005) Advancement and progress of Hungarian subsidiaries has occurred only to a limited extent and mostly in terms of scale, quality and elasticity of operations. Thesubsidiaries were unable to extend the required capabilities for a functional shift although the outer surroundings were by and large encouraging, and it served as the main reason why it was present in as absenting control center assignments in ethnocentric German activities. Regarding the future research of the subsidiary development, investigations slackness and flabbiness should be taken into account. Most probably the subsidiaries would upgrade when the rate of development of the host country takes a rise due to the spread out effects which are a resultant of government subsidies and better market opportunities. One such prominent example is the progress and development seen in the Canadian subsidiaries. Subsidiary typology research has been observed to pursue distinct patterns, both theoretically and empirically. Most likely, typologies are frequently generated as second-order impacts from practical or idealized plans and strategies for controlling global operations with subsidiary types pertaining to the parts they play in various types of different international strategies. Subsidiary roles can also be called as a result of a development of the multinational's increasing

Clinical case scenario assignment

Clinical case scenario assignment The impact of oral conditions on an individuals quality of life can be profound, more so when they are increased risk patients such as the elderly or those with Down syndrome. These individuals experience the same dental problems as the general population; however, poor oral health may add an additional burden, whereas good oral health has benefits in that it can improve general health, social acceptability, self-esteem and quality of life (Fiske, Griffiths, Jamieson, Manger, 2000). When formulating an oral health care plan for higher risk patients, it is valuable to have a general knowledge of how to treat such cases. This assessment will explore two clinical case scenarios and the process through which each treatment plan is developed. Furthermore, the importance of providing a patient with quality care, rather than merely treatment, will be explored. CASE 1 Appointment 1: Complete Initial Assessment Take medical history According to Duggal, Hosy, and Welbury (2005, p.42), taking a comprehensive case history is an â€Å"essential prelude to clinical examination, diagnosis, and treatment planning†, and also plays a role in establishing a relationship with the patient. In this case the patient is a thirteen year old female with Down syndrome, a genetic disorder that ranges in severity with unique characteristics that can influence dental care (Pilcher, 1998). It is associated with physical and medical conditions such as cardiac defects, compromised immune system, and upper respiratory infections (MacDonald Avery, 2000). Dental consideration The history reveals that the patient received surgery for a cardiac abnormality at birth, and does not require antibiotic cover for dental treatment. The National Heart Foundation of New Zealand (2009) state that antibacterial cover is given as a prophylactic measure to prevent endocarditis; a serious and potentially fatal infection that affects the endocardium when bacteria is transported through the blood stream from the mouth because of dental work. Although prophylaxis is not necessary, consultation with the patients physician is crucial to determine any underlying medical conditions that concern her dental treatment. According to Pilcher (1998) the eruption of teeth in persons with Down syndrome is usually delayed, may occur in an unusual order and there is an extremely high rate of missing teeth in both the primary and permanent dentitions. Therefore, it is important to maintain the primary dentition for as long as possible. Additionally, The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) (2010) state that patients with Down syndrome can experience rapid destructive periodontal disease thought to be a result of their lowered host immune response. Other related factors include abnormal tooth morphology with an increased likelihood of smaller or conical roots, bruxism, malocclusion, and poor oral hygiene (Boyd, Quick, Murray, 2004). Therefore, good homecare is vital to manage periodontal disease and carious lesions. The mental capability of people with Down syndrome can vary widely (NIDCR, 2010), which is why as a health professional it is important to perceive how much information the patient is able to comprehend. Education should be given to the family and caregiver to ensure optimal homecare is provided. Plaque index Taking a plaque score is a quick and useful way for a dental provider to assess oral hygiene by estimating the tooth surface covered with debris and/or calculus (Wilkins, 2009). The patient has plaque deposits along the gingival margins of many tooth surfaces and calculus deposits on the lingual surfaces of the lower anterior teeth indicating poor oral hygiene. Periodontal probing It is described that the patient has red and inflamed gingival tissues with the worst area associated with the upper anterior teeth. This is likely to be a result of mouth breathing which is common in patients with Down syndrome due to a small nasal airway and incompetent lips (Pilcher, 1998). Periodontal charting will determine whether the condition is gingivitis which is reversible or periodontitis. If there are periodontal pocket depths greater than 3mm, bone loss and root surface involvement, a more extensive treatment will be required (Wilkins, 2009). Record examination and dental charting Upper permanent lateral incisors appear to be absent Upper deciduous canines show no mobility permanent canines not visible Mesial marginal ridge of 75 broken down as a result of dental caries and is symptomless Fistula buccal to 74 Permanent incisors and first molars show signs of mild to moderate hypoplasia Radiographs Bitewing radiographs should be taken to check for bone levels, calculus, overhangs of restorations, and carious lesions in the posterior teeth. An orthopantomogram (OPG) will determine the presence and position of permanent teeth and assess growth and development as well as other pathology (Cameron Widmer, 2003). Additionally, a periapical radiograph will be necessary for pre-operative assessment of tooth 74 and 75 to determine the origin of the fistula. Diagnosis Abscessed tooth (74 or 75 depending on radiographs) 75 has dental caries with pulpal involvement Periodontal disease (depending on pocket depth) Differential diagnosis: Severe plaque-induced gingivitis or Chronic periodontitis Mild to moderate molar incisor hypomineralisation hypoplasia Oral health education and instruction The patient has poor plaque control and therefore should be taught brushing and flossing techniques using the tell/show/do method so the dental provider can see how well the patient and parent or caregiver understand what is being instructed. She should be advised to brush at least twice a day and floss daily, as well as brush the tongue and gingiva. The use of an electric toothbrush and floss holders should be recommended as those with Down syndrome often have limited manual dexterity (Sacks Buckley, 2003). Additionally, a high concentration of fluoride such as Neutrofluor 5000 Plus toothpaste is recommended for daily use by patients with high risk of dental caries which Wilkins states will promote remineralisation and help strengthen the teeth (2009). Dietary advice Diet should be discussed with a focus on finding if the patient has a lot of sugar in her diet and educating her on the effects of cariogenic foods, perhaps using Stephans curve to explain depending on her level of understanding. The patient should be encouraged to eat cheese, unsweetened yogurt, milk and other dairy products as they contain calcium, phosphorous and magnesium which helps protect dental health (The Dairy Council Digest, 2000). Moreover, sugary and acidic drinks should be minimised as they can cause enamel erosion. It is vital the parent or caregiver receive this information as they may have a significant influence over her diet and pamphlets taken home to serve as a reference or reminder. Formulate a treatment plan Cameron and Widmer (2003, p. 6) state that treatment should be performed in the following order: (1) Emergency care and relief of pain, (2) preventive care, (3) surgical treatment, (4) restorative treatment, (5) orthodontic treatment, (6) extensive restorative or further surgical management, and (7) recall and review. Once this has been completed it should be discussed with both the patient and her parents or caregiver and informed consent must be given. Appointment 2: The amalgam restoration in the 74 is described as appearing sound but there is a fistula present buccal to the tooth. A fistula is a channel allowing excess exudate to drain from an abscess (Ibsen Phelan, 2004). Although this can be painless, it is considered an emergency and should be dealt with before any dental treatment. It is likely that the fistula is related to the 75 which is broken down due to dental caries. When the marginal ridge of a primary molar is broken down due to dental caries, the pulp is consistently exposed (Cameron Widmer, 2003). Although the 75 is described as symptomless, this may be because the drained exudate is relieving pressure from inside the tooth meaning it is less likely to be painful. If the PA radiograph confirms that the carious lesion on tooth 75 has pulpal involvement, it will be treated with either pulpectomy or extraction. Pulpectomy: If tooth 35 is not present, the 75 should be preserved and a referral to a dentist to perform root canal therapy will be given. It is advised that a stainless steel crown be placed as according to Cameron and Widmer (2003) this is the strongest possible final restoration following pulpectomy and will be necessary to preserve the 75 for as long as possible. Extraction: If 35 is present, the 75 should be extracted. However if 35 is not ready to erupt, a space maintainer is recommended to preserve the gap after extraction of 75 to prevent the adjacent teeth drifting into its space. This will enable the 35 to erupt in the proper position and prevent malocclusion in the future and will require a referral to an orthodontist. The amalgam restoration on tooth 74 appears sound and depending on radiograph results, if there is no abscess on tooth 74 and 34 is present, no treatment is needed on this tooth. If there is abscess on 74, the same treatment for abscessed 75 is indicated. Appointment 3: Reassess oral hygiene: Reinforce good behaviour and make necessary recommendations for continual improvement. Scale and polish: The aim of this is to remove as much bacteria from the oral cavity as possible and have a healthy mouth to perform restorative work in. According to Stefanac and Nesbit (2001), when planning treatment, it is sensible to put the least invasive treatments first when possible so that the patient can familiarise themselves with the dental setting and feel comfortable. (Pilcher, 1998) states that having a patient with Down syndrome that is relaxed and at ease can assists with cooperation in the chair and useful for future appointments. Hypoplasia: The permanent incisors and first molars are described as having mild to moderate hypoplasia. Enamel hypoplasia is a deficiency in quantity of enamel that results in a defect of contour in the surface (Cameron Widmer, 2003). This defect can cause tooth sensitivity, may be unsightly and more susceptible to dental caries. A compromised immune system is a characteristic of most individuals with Down syndrome which contributes to a higher rate of infections (Pilcher, 1998) and it is possible that the hypoplasia is related to the patients condition. Because of the teeth involved, this is likely to be Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) which is defined as a hypomineralisation of systemic origin of one to four permanent first molars frequently associated with affected incisors (Weerheijm, 2003). It is important that MIH be treated as soon as identified to minimise the heightened risk of dental caries and prevent the patient from experiencing tooth sensitivity. Treatment options depend on the severity of the hypoplasia and the symptoms associated with it (University of Iowa, n.d.). It should be noted that the worst area of inflamed gingival tissue is associated with the upper anterior teeth which could be a result of the patient avoiding these as they are sensitive or painful to brush. It may be useful to ask the patient about this so that education can be given on the importance of brushing all areas and the problem can be addressed. In this case scenario, the most effective treatment would be the application of a fluoride varnish to the hypoplastic areas followed by resin-based sealants. Alternatively, if ideal moisture control cannot be achieved, glass ionomer sealant can be used. According to Subramaniam, Konde, and Mandanna (2008), the retention of resin sealant is seen to be superior of that of the glass ionomer which should be treated as temporary only. Cameron and Widmer (2003) explain that localised defects may be restored with composite resin and pitting defects may require stain removal with either rotary instruments or some sort of bleaching system. Furthermore, if there is sensitivity, the use of tooth mousse products should be advised to assist with remineralisation and desensitisation of the teeth (Walsh, 2007). Appointment 4: Remove IRM: Although the temporary restoration on tooth 65 is sound, it should be replaced with a permanent filling as Mount and Hume state that zinc oxide eugenol hydrolyses in time and should not be used for over six months (1998). Additionally, composite should not be used because the release of eugenol will inhibit the polymerisation of the composite resin (Mount Hume, 1998). Therefore, an amalgam restoration should be placed on tooth 65 if the radiograph shows tooth 25 is present. If the permanent successor is not present, the temporary restoration should be replaced with a permanent restoration like a stainless steel crown and may require pulpotomy depending on how far the carious lesion has progressed in the tooth. Recall: A three month recall should be arranged as the patient is high risk for caries and periodontal disease. It is essential that optimal oral hygiene is maintained and well monitored by the dental practitioner. CASE 2 The human needs of each older adult must be assessed individually and not based on preconceived stereotypes as the healthcare needs of elderly persons can vary from health to severe illness (Darby Walsh, 2010). According to Fiske et al. (2000) there is a general trend for a reduction in edentulism and an increase in the retention of natural teeth. This attitude leads to more people wanting to understand how to best maintain good oral hygiene and it is the role of the dental provider to assist these individuals with appropriate educational instructions. In this clinical case scenario the patient is an 81 year old man who comes to the clinic for dental hygiene care. Appointment 1: Complete Initial Assessment Take medical history The patient shows early signs of Parkinsons disease; a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of neurons that produce dopamine (Little, Falace, Miller, Rhodus, 2008). Loss of these neurons results in characteristic motor disturbances including a resting tremor, muscular rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. It is common for those with Parkinsons disease to also experience xerostomia as a result of polypharmacy and is significant as this increases the risk of periodontal disease and coronal and root surface caries (Wilkins, 2009). It is described that the patient has mild congestive heart failure which The American Heart Association (2011) state is the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the needs of the body and can be a result of myocardial infarction and other forms of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathy. As the heart failure is mild, he will not require antibiotic prophylaxis for dental treatment however it is wise to confirm this with his physician. The patient is taking nitroglycerin tablets under the tongue to relieve chest pain several times a week. It is taken sublingually for immediate relief of chest pain by reducing the oxygen need of the heart and may cause dizziness, light-headedness and fainting and may cause xerostomia (Medline Plus, 2011). The patient has stiffness in the fingers of his dominant right hand due to arthritis; an inflammatory or degenerative process which involves the joints (Arthritis Foundation, 2011). Patients with arthritis may experience pain, swelling, limitation of motion and deformity of the joints and may find it difficult to keep an open mouth for long dental procedures. Oral hygiene assessment The patient has poor oral hygiene. It is likely that due to his arthritis which affects the fingers in his right hand, he is not adequately brushing quadrants 2 and 3. It should be noted that there are signs of abrasion lesions on the buccal surfaces of quadrants 1 and 4. Abrasion is the mechanical wearing away of tooth substance by forces other than mastication (Wilkins, 2009, p.272) and this is likely to be a result of the patient vigorously brushing horizontally. Furthermore, he has heavy plaque deposits on the lower lingual and all interproximal which indicate interproximal plaque removal methods must be instructed. Periodontal probing All periodontal pockets measure 1-3 mm except for 26 mesial with a probing depth of 4mm indicating generally good periodontal health. Record exam and dental charting 27 moderately filled teeth present with tooth 25 lost due to a fractured root Gingival recession is present with 1-2 mm areas of root surfaces exposed on most teeth. A couple of theses surfaces present with light brown marks that are soft to touch Tooth 26 shows sign of periodontal bone loss palatally as well as tipping and drifting forward into the space left by 25 Heavy plaque deposits on the buccal surfaces of quadrant 2 and quadrant 3 as well as lower lingual and all interproximal surfaces Very light plaque deposits on the buccal surfaces of quadrant 1 and quadrant 4 Some surfaces with light plaque show signs of abrasion Radiographs To complete the initial assessment, bitewing radiographs and an OPG should be taken. This can give the dental provider information on alveolar bone levels, plaque retention factors, interproximal and secondary caries, furcation defects, subgingival calculus and additional pathology (Tugnail, Clerehugh, Hirschmann, 1999). A periapical radiograph of tooth 26 is taken to examine bone loss and to check for subgingival calculus and root surface caries. Risk assessment The patient is at high risk of developing dental caries and moderate risk for periodontal disease due to his medical history. His lack of manual dexterity associated with Parkinsons disease and arthritis, makes adequate plaque removal difficult to achieve. Moreover, due to medications, he is more likely to have xerostomia which will increase his risk of periodontal disease and dental caries, especially root surface caries (Wilkins, 1999). Diagnosis Moderate plaque-induced gingivitis Localised moderate chronic periodontitis on tooth 26 due to tilting Generalised gingival recession Toothbrush abrasion Areas of root surface caries Oral health education and oral hygiene instruction Perhaps the most important treatment a dental provider can give is that of oral health education, information, promotion and counselling. This enables the patient to maintain good oral hygiene themselves and prevent further disease processes. In this clinical case scenario it is vital to advise the patient on homecare which will address his risks of dental caries and periodontal disease. According to Darby Walsh (2010) caries control and prevention activities must address three interrelated factors: (1) removal of bacterial plaque and biofilm, (2) reduction of refined carbohydrates and snacking in the diet, and (3) use of topical fluoride. The patients oral hygiene activities are compromised due to the arthritis in his right hand and in the future will be further affected by his developing Parkinsons disease. His poor oral hygiene should be addressed firstly by recommending the use of adaptive devices. Using a powered toothbrush and modifications of handle size, width, and grip, will provide assistance for the patient with thorough plaque removal. It should also be suggested that the patient use floss holders to ensure the effective removal of interproximal plaque or alternatively, interproximal brushes can be recommended if the patient is able to use them effectively. Poor dietary practices involving the over consumption of soft, retentive refined carbohydrates and frequent snacking patterns are common among older adults (Darby Walsh, 2010). The dental provider has an obligation to educate the patient on optimum food choices and nutritional patterns to promote oral health. It could also be beneficial to speak with any caregivers regarding the patients diet and make suggestions to prevent further carious lesions. Replacing sweet snacks with cheese and crackers or substituting sugar-free hard candy for mints are examples of two specific dietary interventions that may be more easily and realistically implemented for older adults. Furthermore, the frequent use of topical fluoride products for home use should be encouraged. A high fluoride toothpaste (5,000 ppm) will help to strengthen enamel and aid in the prevention of dental caries and will cause little change in the routine of the patient. For management of xerostomia, the patient is advised to take frequent sips of water and avoid the consumption of alcoholic drinks which will further dry out the oral mucosa. Sugar-free chewing gums will help stimulate the saliva but if the patient experiences difficulty in chewing because of arthritis, this may not be advisable. Additionally, tooth mousse should be recommended to provide lubrication and assist in preventing root surface caries (Walsh, 2007). If the patient is unable to provide adequate home care, alternative solutions should be provided, such as the introduction of the Collis curve toothbrush, assisted brushing, or chlorhexidine rinses (Little et al., 2008) These aids facilitate self-care and hence self-determination for the patient. The patient may suffer from mild dementia and due to his age may have difficulty remembering everything discussed at the initial appointment therefore all instruction should be written down and passed to him or a caregiver. Formulate a treatment plan Appointments should be kept short and scheduled in the morning or early afternoon when patient is less tired or whenever suits his needs best. Once a care plan has been completed it should be discussed with the patient and informed consent must be given. Appointment 2: Re-assess oral hygiene Quadrant scaling is recommended in case a full debridement cannot be completed in one appointment Reinforce good oral hygiene Appointment 3: Re-assess oral hygiene Complete scaling and full mouth polish Reinforce good oral hygiene A referral letter to the patients dentist is to be written and given to him regarding the restorative work required on the root caries present in his mouth. The importance of treatment should be explained to the patient and if necessary his caregivers should also be advised of the work required. As a preventive method, fluoride varnish should be applied to the other receded areas to help remineralise the enamel and reduce any sensitivity the patient may be experiencing (Wilkins, 2009). Recall: Upon completion of treatment for this patient, a three month recall should be arranged as his medical history indicates he may require regular maintenance in the future. This is also a good chance to evaluate the outcome and effectiveness of the previous treatment. According to Stefanac and Nesbit (2001) an oral health care plan is about balancing the ideal with the practical, and emphasis should be placed on the patient and their needs which ought to drive the treatment planning process. There has been a shift in treatment given by dental providers, where the focus is now on not only restoring the problem in the clinic, but educating the patient on how they can best achieve optimal oral health themselves. This assessment has investigated two different clinical case scenarios and discussed oral health care plans for each. In addition, it has examined the importance of treating each patient as an individual with specific needs and the significance of providing them with methods or self-care.

Womens Issues and Multiculturalism Essays -- Feminist Feminism Cultur

Women's Issues and Multiculturalism ABSTRACT: In part one of this paper, I offer a description of the main versions of multiculturalism, with its liberal interpretation among them. In part two, I give an outline of the changes that have taken place in women's social status in the course of history and of the various stages of their emancipation process. In the third part I examine the relationship between multiculturalism and women's issues in general. Finally, I explore the same in Hungary, and attempt to draw some general consequences. Does a minority group (e.g., Gypsies in Hungary) in a multicultural society have the right to maintain their traditional patriarchal culture? I argue that the liberation of women is not a "women's issue"; it is part of the persistent enforcement of human rights. My address is divided into four parts. In the first part I offer a description of the main versions of multiculturalism, with its liberal interpretation among them. In the second part I shall give an outline of the changes that have taken place in women's social status in the course of history and of the various stages of their emancipation process. In the third part I examine the relationship between multiculturalism and women's issues in general. Finally, in the fourth part I explore the same in Hungary, and attempt at drawing some general consequences. (I) It is appropriate to distinguish between two types of multicultural societies-the traditional and the modern. In traditional societies, several ethnic groups may have lived together, which, despite their differences, basically belonged to the same civilisation. In countries which belong in the European civilisation, for instance, English and Scots, French and Bretons have li... ...oup have the right in a multicultural society to maintain their traditional patriarchal culture? Members of a minority group are as good citizens as those in the majority. They therefore have the same rights. However, they also have the same duties. Maintaining traditions that violate civil liberties is not to be tolerated. Preserving the mother tongue or cultivating the arts is one thing, wearing chador or clitoral circumcision is an entirely different matter. If the female members of a minority group undertake to follow such traditions of their own will, they are similar to members of such sects as may go as far as committing collective suicide. In the majority of cases, however, coercion of some sort is present. The liberation of women, therefore, is in the spirit of the modern world not a 'women's issue'; it is part of the persistent enforcement of human rights.